Using The Strategy Of Preemption For Preventing Terrorism Politics Essay

Using The Strategy Of Preemption For Preventing Terrorism Politics Essay Terrorism is a broad phenomenon which can have many subjective interpretations. Even if its definitions vary widely, it is well known that terrorism relies on the use of violence and it can be seen as a result of bargaining failure. Terrorist actions are carried out by non-state actors and are designed to achieve specific political changes. In order to achieve their objectives, terrorists are looking for different targets which, hit, assure not only a considerable loss, but also a psychological impact on public opinion, endangering human lives, values systems, standards and political systems. As terrorism became a global issue, states adopted different strategies such as defensive measures, preemption, or negotiation and compromise in order to prevent and fight against it. In this essay I will analyze one of the strategies mentioned above, the strategy of preemption against terrorism and I will examine its costs and benefits. In the first part of my essay I will present this strategy in detail, explaining what it represents and how it can be adopted. In the second part of this essay I will emphasize the costs and the benefits of this strategy, giving certain examples. I will also try to explain in what sense it can increase support for groups who are using terrorist strategies. In the end, I will state my conclusion, based on arguments. The strategy of preemption is based on taking the initiative and destroy terrorist networks before they attack. This strategy can be applied by destroying terrorist camps or their hiding places, or by assasinating them. This was the most outstanding strategy adopted by the Bush administration as a response to the terrorist attacks on 9/11. In September 2002, the President George Bush emphasised the need of using this strategy in order to preempt attacks from states which may posses weapons of mass destruction. Both wars in Afghanistan and Iraq were justified by the President of the U.S. as ways of preventing terrorism.(Haynes, Jeffrey. World Politics. Harlow: Longman/Pearson, 2011. Print) As it has recentely been adopted by the U.S, terrorism preemption could be defined as those offensive military and associated actions by the services and other appropriate agencies that are initiated against terrorists, their organizations, supporters,and sponsor states to prevent or deter acts or c ampaigns of terrorism directed against US citizens and interests.( Sloan, Stephen 2000:39 ) The terrorist attacks on 9/11 had a great impact not only in U.S., but also on the whole international security context. Before these events, the imbalance and balance between the states represented a normal geopolitical framework, but which was seriously affected because of the emergence and development of civil, nongovernmental and transnational organizations which took the shape of terrorist organizations. Washington is dealing with actions carried out by terrorist organizations including Al-Qaeda, which is the most important. European Union may be destabilized quite seriously, if it will not manage effectively with the fate of millions of Islamists whose political culture is totally different from the liberal democratic system. There is emphasized the idea that the destabilization of the current world order has its roots in Washingtons failure in Iraq. Also, it is quite certain that it could reach the same result even if the U.S. intervened elsewhere than in Iraq or Afghanistan. It could reach the same result even if it did not intervene at all, anywhere, because the danger comes from non-state actors, who are determined to end the existence of states, civilizations and cultures that seem to be in conflict with their religious believes. (Amoore, Louise, and Marieke De Goede. Risk and the War on Terror. London: Routledge, 2008. Print.), (Baylis, John, Steve Smith, and Patricia Owens. The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations. New York, NY: Oxford UP, 2008. Print.), (Chomsky Noam, Hegemonie sau supravieÃ…Â £uire. America à ®n căutarea dominaÃ…Â £iei globale, BucureÃ…Å ¸ti, Ed. Antet, 2003) Fighting against terrorism represents a war, strategies made in detail, not only large-scale actions such as the counterblast of the U.S and their allies in Afghanistan and Iraq. It is a conflict that depends on political decisions, information technology and on the capability of mobilizing the resources. The year 2003 represented an important moment during this fight against terrorism, even from its beginning, when in March, the war started in Iraq. The campaign from Iraq is unique, characterized by shock, by the precise usage of the ammunition which occurred at a scale as has never been, and also by the use of overwhelming forces. Using well prepared strategies, allowed the execution of the operation in a sustained manner and minimized the collateral damage. (Amoore, Louise, and Marieke De Goede. Risk and the War on Terror. London: Routledge, 2008. Print.) This brings me to the second part of this essay. Even if the good strategies used during the war minimized the loss, the strategy of preemption remains very costly in many ways. First of all, surveillance must be continuous; otherwise it will be impossible to prevent all the terrorist attacks. Secondly, tracking all the possible terrorist activities is also a hard and costly activity. More than these, surveillance can violate the civil liberties of innocent citizens. Accomplishing all of these, an important amount of financial and human resources are needed. The key to an effective fight against terrorism is the accountability of the democratic states, a process of strengthening their institutional instruments, in order to apply better and strictly impose the law. In the same time, the democratic states have to be trained in an international cooperation of preventing and fighting against terrorism from a political, economical, social and military perspective. The international cooper ation is essential for an efficient monitoring system of the terrorist threat.( Andreescu, Anghel, and Nicolae Radu. OrganizaÃ…Â £iile Teroriste Conceptualizarea Terorii vs Securitatea Europeană. Bucuresti: M.I.R.A, 2008. Print.) Another problem of this policy is that preemption itself is illegal under the international law, which makes it impossible to finance it and to be supported by many countries. There is though an exception of this law, an exception which allows a strategy of preemption when it is known for sure that a state will be attacked. This law appeared right after the Second World War, and because of that it refers to a military threat from other states. Regarding the fact that terrorist networks act on their own, without asking approval from any state, the strategy of preemption can not be approved by the UN. (Shue, Henry, and David Rodin. Preemption: Military Action and Moral Justification. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2007. Print.) Of course, making public the adoption of such strategy of fighting against terrorism in certain areas, can draw the attention of the terrorist groups and they can use these information to prepare themselves. This will make defeating them much harder and will take much longer than expected. Using preemption as a long term strategy and by attacking all the people involved in terrorist activities, terrorists will be able to adapt themselves and be prepared for a war, knowing the strategies of the target country from previous attacks. This is why, from a practical perspective, this strategy can be used only on a short term. (Chomsky Noam, Hegemonie sau supravieÃ…Â £uire. America à ®n căutarea dominaÃ…Â £iei globale, BucureÃ…Å ¸ti, Ed. Antet, 2003 ) The most important aspect is, when talking about a strategy of preemption, the amount of money spent on financing the war which will prevent a terrorist attack. Since the events on 9/11, the U.S. spent a huge amount of money in order to financially support the war of terror. The Americans invaded Iraq because, as Bush administration affirmed, it was financially supporting terrorism and was possessing weapons of mass destruction. This invasion caused instability in the U.S economy. The economist Joseph Stiglitz said in 2008 that the U.S adventure in Iraq is more expensive than any war that has ever been fought. More than that, 4.421 Americans died when the invasion started, in March 2003 and 32.000 were hurt during the attacks. Almost 100.000 of Iraqi citizens died during the war. In 2009, the U.S. military expenses numbered $663,3 mld, but according to the Congressional Research Service, the costs of the war will be around $802 mld at the and of 2011. (Rosca, Cristina, and Andreea Neferu. US Ended the War in Iraq. Financial Newspaper 1 Sept. 2010. Print.) As it can be seen, the costs of a preemtive war are very high, and not only from a financial point of view. Besides the costly military operations and the suffering caused to civilians, the strategy of preemption also leads to a ruined infrastructure. After the terrorist threat will be removed, more funds will need to be allocated to pay for the reparations that the war caused. Another fact that needs to be noticed when talking about preemption is that foreign countries may find this strategy a disproportionate response to the terrorist threat. Because, by definition, preemptive actions occures before a terrorist attack, the target countries may have good reasons to exaggerate the real threat . Also, because predictions can be sometimes deviant, other states may remain skeptical on this strategy when a country adoptes it. The decision that the Bush administration took regarding the invasion of Afghanistan was seen by many states necessary and totally justified after the attacks on 9/11. On the other hand, the decision of expanding the war from Afghanistan to Iraq, which was never linked with the terrorist attacks that took place on 9/11, excepting by the Bush administration, made people from all around the world to fear a possible invasion. Now, the countries worldwide were at risk of preemptive war if they were accused for terrorism actions or for financia lly supporting terrorism. Many foreign governments opposed to this actions which was seen by them as a violation of the sovereignty of a country.(Haynes, Jeffrey. World Politics. Harlow: Longman/Pearson, 2011. Print.) Using the strategy of preemption, even for fighting against terrorism, can result in more support from the people for those who are carrying out the attacks. As I have mentioned above, preemptive actions can cause many damages in the states accused by terrorist actions. Ruining the infrastructure of a country, and more than that, causing suffering to innocent civilians will make the citizens of that country fight against the state that attacked them, and even support the terrorist networks. In the case of the U.S actions, even if they gained many allies to fight with against terrorism, the Americans also made many enemies in the countries they attacked. When talking about preemption, some people sustain the idea of self-defence, justifying the actions that need to be taken according to this strategy. Other people, espacially those who opposed to the Iraq War, deny the fact that a preemptive action could be ever justified. (Shue, Henry, and David Rodin. Preemption: Military Action and Moral Justification. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2007. Print.) In conclusion, the strategy of preemption, used in fighting against terrorism is not totally effective. Even if it seems to remove the terrorist threat and it is seen in some countries as one of the best actions that a stat can adopt against terrorism, it can be very costly because of the military operations that it involves. On a first sight it seems to be working but, in order to state this sentance, the damages that it may cause need to be excluded. It can violate the civil rights, it seems to have a lack of legitimacy, creates suffering among civilians, can make more people suport the terrorist networks and, probably the most important aspect, it can not be adopted for a long term period.

Philosophy of the movie Big Fish Essay

The philosophical twist of mixing fact with fairy tale in story telling put a great spin on the plot. It gave the director the ability to make the impossible seem probable! The movie is about a very interesting father named Ed whom loves to tell facts with a little bit of flavor, as quoted in the movie. However we portray them as tall tales, but since he tells them with such a seriousness and attachment to his own life you want to believe them. However the son, will, does not enjoy these stories. He believes they are all lies which create a detachment between him and his father. But as the movie goes on, the real question for will to discover is, are all these stories really fake. Inspired by the scientific phenomena of a gold fish growing in accordance to the size of its surroundings, Ed applies this theory to his life and embarks on a journey to satisfy his ambition! In this journey we witness Ed convincing a giant to leave town and be partner in discovering life, finding a hidden town that had lush grass for streets, catching a fish with his wedding ring, or viewing his final hours in the eyes of a â€Å"witch†. The stories in this movie are good examples of improbable stories with poetic truths. For example in the story of the fish, we learn that to catch the uncatchable women you have to give her a ring! The movie does a great job of blurring â€Å"fact† with â€Å"fiction†. For instance, if we were to view the stories in this movie as real life, how would we react? In my opinion with my realist mentality, I would look at these stories and believe they are complete nonsense! But, if I took a step back and try to look at the stories with the most objective mind I can, the possibilities of these stories actually happening seem more probable. Use the story of the witch and her futuristic eyeball. There is a spiritual realm that is all around us. Is it crazy to think that some woman could have been in touch with, let’s say evil spirits, which gives her the power to scare people with visions? Or is it really impossible for a man to catch a fish with a shiny object? Or is it really impossible for a town to be self-sufficient, maintain healthy grass, and not build any streets? I would like to think so! So with that being said, the concept of there not being much of a distinction between â€Å"fact† and â€Å"fiction† would be true! As the movie concludes we find out, just like will, that these stories are in fact true. When Will attends his father’s funeral he sees the Giant, the Siamese twins, Winslow the poet, and many more of the story characters! However all of the character appeared different in real life compared to the â€Å"Flavorful Facts†. Nonetheless, this confirmed his father’s stories showing the small distinction between fact and fiction! It is at this time Will’s eyes are opened and it gives him the ability to see poetic truths behind the stories. In the end we hear will’s son telling friends one of Ed’s stories, and Will concludes with this phrase, â€Å"A man tells his stories so many times that he becomes his stories—they live on after him and in that way he becomes immortal. †

Cultural Diversity Essay - 739 Words

Stephanie Harrold Donald Stull First Year Seminar-HF02M 9/3/2012 Cultural Diversity In the United States we see a lot of cultural diversity. Racism is still a major one today. It would either be at a public place, sadly even in a work place. I dislike people who are racist because rather if someone is African-American, Mexican, Asian, or Caucasian we all are human. I work at McDonald’s in Tiffin, Ohio. With Tiffin having two major colleges we get people all around the world attending those colleges. Here at McDonald’s workers there are majority white. To me it seems like some of my co-workers are surprised when they see a different race enter the building. Co-workers there would make rude comments saying â€Å"Oh sorry, we†¦show more content†¦Who cares if Chinese people language is choppy, who cares if people speak Spanish. I am sure if they don’t know English, they think we are speaking in tongue; it never hurts to learn different languages in your life. Even when you travel in the United States let’s say to New York. N ew York has Chinatown there, which is pretty interested to see what the culture is like there. I have to say it probably makes Asian people feel at home. In Chinatown in New York, I barely heard them speak English or they didn’t have any American food there. I really enjoyed going there and seeing their lifestyle there. Sadly, racism doesn’t only happen in the work place, it also happens in public places. You still see white Americans throwing out the â€Å"N† word or you also see African Americans calling Caucasian inappropriate names as well. Racism is anywhere you go. Public places include the mall, there are still people that work at a store that keep an eye on someone that are not the same race, they believe they may steal from their store. We have to keep in mind that not just one race steals every race does. You can look in the newspaper and it will explain who stole, which could either someone of the Caucasian, Mexican or African-American race. A gain we all are human each and one of us has our flaws. As I mentioned earlier, I work at McDonalds. No matter what employment you would work for you will have co-workers that are racist. Looking at one anotherShow MoreRelatedDiversity And Cultural Diversity1288 Words   |  6 PagesCultural diversity is defined as â€Å"the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society† (Google diversity). As we continue down the path of globalization it becomes important to reflect on the ever-changing landscape of society and the values people may have in them. This applies both towards society and the work place in which society must operate. 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Mercaptan Definition - Glossary Terms

Definition: Mercaptan is an organic sulfur compound composed of an alkyl or aryl group and a thiol group.General formula: R-SH where R is an alkyl or aryl group. Also Known As: thiol Examples: The amino acid cysteine is a mercaptan.

Domestic Violence And Socioeconomic Status Essay - 1018 Words

Domestic Violence and Socioeconomic Status Kevin Lybacki Domestic Violence Professor C. Auletto 11/27/16  Domestic violence is a problem in society that faces many different people. Regardless of where people may live, how old they may be, what gender they may be, what ethnicity, etc, domestic violence occurs. In order to understand the severity of domestic violence, the definition must be understood. Domestic violence can be defined as â€Å"any incident or pattern of incidents of controlling, coercive, or threatening behavior, violence, or abuser between those aged 16 years of age or older who are or have been intimate partners or family members regardless of gender sexuality†, according to the adopted definition from the Home Office in England in 2013. This definition extends to be any type of abuse including psychological, physical, sexual, financial, and emotional. As stated beforehand, domestic violence can occur by anybody regardless of many different classifications, including socioeconomic status. This paper will focus on domestic violence happening due to socioeconomic status, and will tackle occurrences in both wealthy households and poorer households. Socioeconomic status is often measured as a combination of education, income, and occupation. Commonly, socioeconomic status is conceptualized as the social standing of an individual or group. This status can determine one’s privilege, power, and control over others. It affects overall human functioning,Show MoreRelatedDevelopmental Trajectory And Impact On Hispanic Women851 Words   |  4 Pagesability to rise above a lower socioeconomic status. Community resources may provide some aid but are not suffice to sustain a family with a single parent. Hispanic women who are entrapped in an abusive relationship may feel financially obligated to remain with their perpetrator. 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Domestic violence can occur directly to an individual or family or indirectly as exposure to domestic violence. The Department of Justice defines domestic violence as â€Å"a pattern of abusive behavior in a relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another intimate partner†. According to CrossRead MoreThe Importance Of Military Readiness And Frequent Deployments From A Federally Funded Program For Women, Infants, And Children Essay1309 Words   |  6 Pagesawakening to discover we were poor, and we often had to deal with the stresses of deployment, but I never experienced violence. Nevertheless, that does not mean that it did not happen in the military because domestic violence is of continuing concern in the military (Newby, McCarroll, Thayer, Norwood, Fullerton, Ursano. 2000). Anyone can be affected by Intimate Partner Violence or IPV, which is a serious, preventable public health problem that affects millions of Americans. IPV describes physicalRead MoreDomestic Violence, Maternal Depression, And Home Environment969 Words   |  4 Pagesthe previous studies, children living in domestic violent homes not only have to face the direct violence that is happening at the moment, but also have to face the indirect change that is brought after the violence has occurred. Using a sample of 100 women and their children ages 3-5, the study conducted by Huth-Bocks, Levendosky, and Semel (2001) examined maternal psychological functioning and its impact of the quality of the home environment in a domestic violent household. After observing theseRead MoreSong Analysis: We Found Love by Calvin Harris Essay1034 Words   |  5 Pagescouple living in an impoverished council estate in West Belfast. Both characters portrayed in the music video are in their twenties and of mixed race, one parent being black and the other being Caucasian. 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Domestic violence is characterized by a pattern of violent or abusive behavior by one person in a domestic context against another, such as in a marriage or cohabitation (Paul, 2004). Domestic abuse can negatively affect anyone in any culture, age, race, and gender. Intimate partner violence is a type of violence that falls under domestic violence (Roberts, 2008). Other types

Run Forrest Free Essays

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NDRun Forrest, Run! Movie critical analysis paper. James Bilesimo | Developmental Psychology | 3/19/18A Psychological Analysis of Forrest Gump. The movie Forrest Gump tells a story of a simple man and his journey through life. We will write a custom essay sample on Run Forrest or any similar topic only for you Order Now Forrest Gump’s story takes place during a time of historical significance in our country, The United States of America. His story began in the 1950’s, and ran through the 1970’s. This was a period in our country where morality, and equality had come to be questioned for the first time since our country broke away from its European roots, and won its independence on July 04, 1776. The American culture and its society would be changed forever over this twenty-year course. Forrest Gump is very simple-minded man who lives his life by a set of values forever instilled in him by his mother. Early in the movie when Forrest was just a young boy, he was found to be physically handicapped forcing Forrest to wear braces (also known as foot abduction braces) on his legs. Forrest Gump also had an IQ of just seventy-five, he would now have to endure a life time of critical judgements from peers and adults alike. Forrest Gump had a very loving, and caring mother who helped him develop a deep, strong sense of â€Å"self† with her wisdom, and straight forwardness. Because of his mother’s strong guidance during his early stages of life, he is able to overcome his physical handicap, and achieve his highest quality of life by doing what many people only dream of; Forrest Gump became a famous runner, football player, business owner, and war time hero. The story that this movie tells us, is a great example of how a child’s mind develops through a series of stages, and through these stages they can construct their understanding of the world we live in by interacting with it. Jean Paiget developed four stages of cognitive development, which begin at birth, and span well into adulthood. Heading 2 You might like the photo on the cover page as much as we do, but if it’s not ideal for your report, it’s easy to replace it with your own.Just delete the placeholder picture. Then, on the Insert tab, click Picture to select one from your files. How to cite Run Forrest, Papers

Article Critique for Value Functional Approach- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theArticle Critique for Value Functional Approach. Answer: Introduction A business valuation needs viable knowledge based on a multitude of factors, experience and above all, professional judgment (Trugman, 2016). It involves determining the aim of the valuation, the value propellants affecting the company in question, and a comprehension of economic and factors that are also accompanied by valuation approach(es) and method(s) (Anderson, 2013). Below is an article critique based on topic one of this unit - Valuation: What, Why and How. Discussion The title of the article is: Business Valuation - The Basics, and the writer behind it is Paul Barnes. For starters, the sub-headings are clear and specific. Paul begins the article by outlining the aim of valuation. Here, he is spot on and argues that determining the objective of business valuation is often a crucial initial step with regard to the process given that it defines clearly either the standard of value or the basis of value that will be taken up (Barnes, 2017). He further writes that the goal of business valuation can range from taxation and insolvency to acquisition and financial reporting. Once the goal is reached upon, the ideal standard of value can subsequently be put into practice (Barnes, 2017). However, Paul gives an example of US tax valuation but doesnt back it up with any reference(s). The second topic is representative of the of the article. As such, Paul talks about the basis of value. Here, there are no errors of misinterpretation. He talks of the basis of value as a form of value that is being measured which also considers the aspects of the participants of the assumed transaction. The basis of value can play a pivotal role on the choosing of valuation methods, assumptions, inputs and approaches (Hermoza Molina, 2017). Paul gives a concise conclusion by claiming that the goal of valuation as well as the application of basis of value are inter-linked. The third topic relates to premise of value which we have covered in this unit (Hwee et al., 2017). Here, there are no underlying assumptions with regard to the content outlined and the structure is pretty easily to follow. Paul states that the inputs, assumptions or even the valuation approach that is employed highly relies on the chosen premise of value. In addition, the premise of value is propelled by the aim of the valuation in conjunction with the basis of value employed, and is normally split into two categories which Paul lists in bullet which make it easy for the reader to follow. A going concern premise - This is the most predominant premise of value. Although the section is somewhat small, it is well summarized. As such, this form of premise assumes that the assets will continue to be used and a business will carry on with its operations (Doganova et al., 2014). An orderly liquidation premise - This is also referred to as a forced liquidation premise and in this section, Paul talks of the general idea in a concise manner. This form of premise adds to it an in-exchange assumption of assets being operated both in an individual or group basis, which in fact are not part and parcel of the business (Doganova et al., 2014) The fourth topic relates to the subject that is valuation. Paul couldnt have explained this section in a more better way because there are no ambiguous statements and the discussion is relevant. He begins by arguing that the subject of valuation bears great significance to the valuation process, the choosing of inputs, methods and approaches. Performing a valuation of business equity or invested capital, hybrid securities or basically any other types of financial interests warrants the utilization of certain valuation methods (Hwee et al., 2017). Paul however notes that extra complexities may come up when a valuation may be needed as an input to undertake another. For example, a business valuation may come in as an input during the valuation of stock alternatives. Based on our unit, how one gets to a conclusion of value is another relevant topic from Pauls article. Three widely accepted valuation techniques include: the income approach, market approach and cost approach (Hwee et al., 2017). Paul outlines that the valuation approach to be used solely relies on the current facts as well as circumstances of the company in question. He gives a brief explanation of each but doesnt support the information with any accompanying evidence in form of references. The income approach according to Paul transforms expected cash flows into one current discounted amount with a reflection of present expectations regarding the future cash flows. Under this approach, the discounted cash flow (DCF) is the most renowned approach and entails capturing the running value of a particular business based on two components (Barnes, 2017). First up is the current value of expected cash income based on a discrete projected time frame(Baum et al., 2017). Next up is the current value or amount of the cash flows after the discrete time frame which is reflected in a continuing value calculation (Baum et al., 2017). However, the ideas in this section have been overemphasized to an extent and Paul could do better by not explaining too much about the extra issues businesses have to contend with when using the DCF method. The market approach employs prices among other relevant content brought about by market transactions that involve similar assets or companies to estimate the value of the business thats of interest (Botosan Huffman, 2013). Pauls explanation resonates well with the content in our unit and writes that two methods are widely used in this approach. These are: the Guideline Company and the Guideline Transaction method (Botosan Huffman, 2013). Here, Paul makes no assumptions and argues that both give value of a particular business through the application of several ratios of value such as equity value or enterprise value to financial metrics such as earnings before interest, revenue and after-tax earnings (Barnes, 2017). The cost approach estimates just how much would be required to stand in place of the service capacity of a particular asset (Anderson, 2013). Paul makes an assumption that the cost approach is often associated with the replaced cost method owing to the fact that the latter is more ideal when being applied to a single asset as opposed to a business. Paul also makes an assumption that entrepreneurs consider the value of their respective businesses based on the investment which would be needed to replace the assembled assets (Barnes, 2017). Conclusion The valuation of business can be a complex process and requires several considerations such as a clear definition of the goal of the valuation and the basis of value used or the premise of value employed (Trugman, 2016). In this article critique, Paul Barnes makes his case in an appropriate and clear manner. However, he has made a few assumptions and part of some information from the article has been omitted because its not relevant to our topic. Also, Paul hasnt included any references throughout the text which is an area that can be improved on. References Anderson, P. 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Understanding business valuation: A practical guide to valuing small to medium sized businesses. John Wiley Sons.